Evidence is limited to animal or in-vitro work. No human pharmacokinetics. Any human dose in circulation is extrapolated, and extrapolation across species routinely fails.
No pharmacokinetic data (half-life, Tmax, absorption) located for Pinealon in PubMed/PMC.
No dosing regimen (mcg/mg) reported in any allowed-host source. Commercial oral/sublingual doses circulating online are vendor-only and were excluded.
One small (n=32), unblinded human study from the Khavinson / St. Petersburg Institute lineage; mechanistic claims otherwise rest on animal/organotypic pineal-cell-culture and transporter-modeling work from the same group. No independent replication; no defined dosing or PK data. Molecular weight 418.40 Da confirmed for the free Glu-Asp-Arg tripeptide (PubChem CID 10273502); note the commonly circulated 478.5 Da figure is the acetate salt.
The one identified human study (n=32) reported prooxidant chemiluminescence activity and a significant decrease in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor markers (interpreted by the authors as inhibited hemopoiesis). No systematic human safety/toxicology data exist. Absence of widely reported harm is not evidence of safety.